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APPENDIX Small-sized carnivores include weasel (Mustela nivalis), mink (Mustela vison), skunks (Mephitis spp.), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), swift fox (Vulpes velox), opossum (Didelphis viginiana), and American marten (Martes americana). Mid-sized carnivores include river otter (Lontra canadensis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), lynx (Lynx canadensis), wolverine (Gulo gulo), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), coyote (Canis latrans), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), badger (Taxidea taxus) and fisher (Martes pennanti). Large carnivores include black bear (Ursus americana), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), mountain lion (Puma concolor) and jaguar (Panthera onca). LITERATURE CITED Bekker, Hans (G.J.). 1998. Habitat fragmentation and infrastructure in the Netherlands and Europe. In: Evink, G.L.; Garrett, P.; Ziegler, D.; and J. Berry (Eds.) 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Report number: DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-06-01. 83 pages. Forman, R. T. T., and D. Sperling, J. A. Bissonette et al. 2003. Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Washington D.C., Island Press. 481 pages. Foster, M.L., and S.R. Humphrey. 1995. Use of highway underpasses by Florida panthers and other wildlife. Wildlife Society Bullitin 23:95-100. Gordon, Kelly M. 2003. Mule deer use of underpasses in western and southwestern wyoming. In: 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garret, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, N.C. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University. Pgs 309-318. Hughes, W.E., A.R. Saremi, and J.F. Paniati. 1996. Vehicle-animal crashes: an increasing safety problem. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal. 66:24-28. Huijser, M. 2006. High-tech equipment may help reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions. MSU News Service. Noss, R.F., H.B. Quigley, M.G. Hornocker, T. Merrill, and P.C. Paquet. 1996. Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10(4):949-963. Noss, R.F., and L.D. Harris. 1986. Nodes, networks, and MUMs: preserving diversity at all scales. Environmental Management 10:299-309. Noss, R.F. 1987. Protecting natural areas in fragmented landscapes. Natural Areas Journal 7:2-13. Noss, R.F. 1983. A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience 33:700-706. Reed, D.F. 1995. Efficacy of methods advocated to reduce cervid-vehicle accidents: research and rationale in North America. Conference presentee lors du colloque international "Route et faune sauvage", Strasbourg, Conseil de l’Europe, 5-7 juin 1985 and Sapporo, Japan, 27 Jan 1995. Romin, L.A. and J.A. Bissonette. 1996. Deer-vehicle collisions: Status for state monitoring activities and mitigation efforts. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24 (2):276-283. Ruediger, Bill and John Lloyd. 2003. A rapid assessment process for determining potential wildlife, fish and plant linkages for highways. In: 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garret, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, N.C. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University. Pgs 309-318. Ruediger, Bill. 1998. Rare carnivores and highways – moving into the 21st Century. In: Evink, G.L.; Gar rett, P.; Ziegler, D.; and J. Berry (Eds.) Trends In Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality. Proceedings the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Pgs10-16. Ruediger, Bill. 1996. The relationship between rare carnivores and highways. In: Evink, G.L.; Garrett, P.;Ziegler, D.; and J. Berry (Eds.) Trends In Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality. Proceedings of the Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar. Ward, A.I. 1982. 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